The Punishment of Child Abusers free essay sample

A conversation of youngster misuse and the treatment of abusers in America. This papers delivers issues identified with the discipline of youngster abusers, the initial step of which is recognizing the oppressive parent. Components that forestall this are sketched out. The impacts of brutal and sexual maltreatment are talked about. Legitimate issues are raised. A young man is perched on a recreation center seat. He is secured with wounds. His mouth is swollen and his eyes are purplish-dark. His arm is enveloped by a white cast. His eyes tell a message that numerous grown-ups don't appear to hear to hear, Help me! I can't support myself. Would you be able to please support me? A young lady is perched on her bed with her arms folded over her bear. She is crying since she comprehends what is coming straightaway. Before long her dad will be in to have her deal with his needs-the sexual needs he believes he has. We will compose a custom article test on The Punishment of Child Abusers or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Hearts Prison Essay Example For Students

Hearts Prison Essay Glancing through the wooden window, a view opens up and I see something that helps me to remember diaries somewhere inside my heart. I look at that sapphire sky, perfectly clear with no puffy, white mists in sight. A warm spring breeze stimulates my face, as I take in blossoms dust dissipated in the breeze. I likewise get a smell of softening snow spilling down the mountains, cutting its way through firm shakes; in addition it carries distress to my eyes. At the pinnacle of the mountain I see white snow gradually defrosting, surrendering the battle against the hazardous Sun, that encourages us currently, anyway can destroy all of us, too at any second. Its sparkling brilliant today, and it harms my eyes just to look at it, and I can hear her triumphant merriment, conveyed by the whirlwind. I hear her words, illuminating me of how amazing she is, and how delicate we are, and how she can spare all of us from appetite, and make our lives end so hopelessly sad. There are no mists right presently to conceal us from her loathe, and love, they dont give us any shade, any insurance, we are at her leniency now. Indeed, even tallest mountains arent enough to conceal us from Suns fury. The mountains may not be sufficiently high to get Sun far from us, yet they are sufficiently tall to shield us from looking elsewhere. I see those exquisite mountains, worked in royal residences from somewhere inside the ground, so rich and staggering, the mountains such a significant number of outsiders appreciate gazing at. Be that as it may, I look down and I see paper structures, the evaporated grass, and everything else living and kicking the bucket persistently around. Those mountains, they are catching me inside a lovely land, and they dont let me look outside. I need to perceive what is past the mountains, I need to see the ocean, however close up all the windows and the ways to the outside world. Also, every time I detect a window open, it closes it once more, and buriers me with day off, I was unable to get away. This view is wonderful its actual, however it secured me inside a jail, a jail of my heart.

5 Ed-Tech Trends to Look for in 2017

5 Ed-Tech Trends to Look for in 2017 (0) When it comes to educational technology (ed-tech), there are always new sites, apps, and buzzwords. We made it easy for you to start the new year off right with this innovative list of 5 ed-tech trends to look forward to in 2017. 1. Virtual Reality Augmented Learning One of the newest, most exciting, and readily available ed-tech additions for classrooms is the ability to go on virtual field trips through virtual reality and augmented learning. Students are able to visit the pyramids, explore Mars, and dive into the ocean without ever leaving the classroom. From simple cell phone add-ons, such as Google cardboard, to a $599 Oculus Rift headset, educators have many options available to them. After purchasing a VR viewer, there are numerous free apps that place students in virtual reality worlds. Google Expeditions has over 200 field trips available, each with discussion questions and talking points for teachers. Huff Post’s RYOT not only allows students to watch a news story unfold, but places them right in the middle of it. With the recent craze of Pokemon GO, virtual reality and augmented learning have the potential to not only turn learning into a meaningful experience, but a fun one as well. Want to learn more? Check out Jason St. Amand’s post, The Promise of VR and Reality of Education: A Complete Educator’s Guide to VR. 2. Coding, Programming, Robotics With the rise of STEM education in the past few years, coding, programming, and robotics have been embedded into school curriculums all across the world. Thanks to numerous free websites and apps, many courses and games are easily accessible to students and will continue to thrive in 2017. Some of our favorite coding sites? Code.org and Tynker both have games for students of all ages. Even preschoolers can participate in many of the activities. Code Combat teaches students Python and JavaScript basics. Looking for a simple way to teach your students HTML, CSS, and Javascript? Have your students create a simple webpage on General Assembly’s Dash. 3. Civic Online Reasoning A recent study by the Stanford History Education Group “shows a dismaying inability by students to reason about information they see on the internet.” In addition, the fake news epidemic of 2016 has shown that civic online reasoning should be an addition to every school’s curriculum. This involves teaching students how to find accurate, valid, and credible sources. School librarians, computer, and classroom teachers should all work together to promote civic online reasoning and information literacy in schools. Looking for ed-tech resources to help teach your students to be information literate? The News Literacy Project’s program, Checkology, has quite a few lessons that help students distinguish fact from fiction. In addition, InCtrl has various digital citizenship lessons that include activities on how to evaluate online sources. 4. Wearable Technologies and the Internet of Things Sooner or later, we’re going to be able to communicate with all types of devices; ones that we wear and everyday objects around us. The Internet of Things will, “connect devices, provide them with sensing capabilities, communication capabilities, and even data” (Brandt). How will it transform education? Zebra Technologies predicts that “projectors and lab equipment can be equipped with radio frequency identification readers so that their whereabouts are visible at all times.” Not only will the Internet of Things protect equipment, but it can also be used for safety reasons. “A GPS-enabled bus system means that bus routes can be tracked, ID cards and wristbands allow educational organizations to store the last-known location of a student or visitor, and cashless payments at the school cafeteria or campus store creates a more streamlined transaction and has the potential to discourage bullying and theft.” Home appliance company, Bosch, tested a product at the Bundesgymnasium Dornbirn grammar school in Austria with great results. Bosch took “an image of Einstein and turned him into a visual representation of climate. When the temperature or air changes, so does Einstein. The Einstein would notify both students and teachers about minor changes in the atmosphere; then, they could adjust their conditions to be more ideal for better focus” (Augur). Wondering how many devices will be connected to the Internet? “Some experts forecast that 20 billion devices will be connected by 2020; others put the number closer to 40 or 50 billion; and some even foresee as many as 100+ billion connected devices by that time” (Asseo et al.) 5. Better Communication with Parents One of the biggest factors to promote student success and achievement involves the ability for teachers and parents to communicate with each other and stay on top of student behavior and learning. There are quite a few ed-tech apps available for simple communication, like the text-messaging app, Remind 101. Class Dojo is a popular app used by teachers to track student behavior and provide updates to parents. For documenting student work and assignments, SeeSaw is popular with elementary and middle school students. Many of these apps are wonderful at  keeping parents informed and in the know, but most of them lack one important aspect. “While they are effective at replacing piles of paper flyers and email communications with real-time digital options, they dont address the heart of the issue building strong relationships between parents and teachers” (Lotkina). ClassTag is a new app that takes parent communication one step further it allows teachers to schedule meetings, ask for volunteers for events, and also send surveys to parents. Promoting face-to-face interaction and getting to know parents is something that many apps are missing. Expect more sites and apps that pull parents and caregivers into the classroom and also promote back and forth communication. Asseo, Itai, et al. “The Internet of Things: Riding the Wave in Higher Education.”  Educause Review, 27 Jun. 2016,  er.educause.edu/articles/2016/6/the-internet-of-things-riding-the-wave-in-higher-education. Augur, Hannah. “IoT in Education: The Internet of School Things.” Internet of  Things Blog, IBM, 13 Dec. 2016, www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/iot-education/. Brandt, Chris. “The Internet of Things and Its Impact on Education.” University Herald, 21 Sep. 2016, www.universityherald.com/articles/41190/20160921/internet-of-things-and-education.htm. Lotkina, Vlada. “What Communication Apps Got Wrong About Parent Engagements.”  Education Futures: Emerging Trends in K-12, 15 Sep. 2016. Education Week,  Editorial Projects in Education, blogs.edweek.org/edweek/education_futures/2016/09/what_communication_apps_got_wrong_about_parent_engagement.html. Zebra Technologies. How the Internet of Things is Transforming Education.  www.zatar.com/sites/default/files/content/resources/Zebra_Education-Profile.pdf.

The Melting Pot - 1277 Words

The â€Å"melting pot† metaphor explains how societies â€Å"melt together† to form a common culture. This process can be seen throughout the world even with some of the most heterogeneous societies now becoming more homogeneous. It is very true that change is persistent in all societies and the possibility of progression is endless, thus creating grounds for new playing fields globally. This growing interconnectedness known as globalization shows how the world we live in is full of innovations that bring us closer together than ever imagined before. Whether it be economically, politically, culturally, technologically, ecologically or socially, there’s no doubt globalization has become one of the strongest forces behind cultural homogenization. Globalization brings about opportunities such as richer societies through trade, and the sharing of knowledge and information from people. However, scholars have challenged just how one-dimensional these notions can truly be. How can one effectively create meaning and remain an individual with such a socio-political and political-economic driven world? This particular debate is outlined by three fundamentally different paradigms of cultural difference in Pietere’s text. Cultural differentialism is the idea that differences are lasting (Piterse 2009:4), cultural convergence is the awareness of growing sameness, and cultural hybridization is an ongoing mix of the two, ultimately creating new differences. Well known author Samuel PhillipsShow MoreRelatedAmerica Is The Great Melting Pot1122 Words   |  5 Pages America is the great Melting Pot. From an early age every American is taught that America contains a mixture of the world s cultures in a perfectly blended mixture. We honor and respect all cultures and invite them to bring their customs here to the United States. But do we really? Take for instance, the Hmong refugees who involuntarily moved to America. Cultural Assimilation seemed to be forced down the refugees throats. Keeping their native customs was looked on with horror and disgustRead MoreEssay on Melting Pot or Mosaic, Which One?616 Words   |  3 PagesMelting Pot or Mosaic, which one? Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions. Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people. For immigrants, America is a land of opportunity; for othersRead MoreAmerica, Melting Pot or Salad Bowl Society?1980 Words   |  8 Pagesis called a melting pot; however, I would argue that America should no longer be called a melting pot. The term melting pot suggests that immigrants should assimilate into American culture. Instead, America should be looked upon as a salad bowl society or a mosaic work of art allowing our newcomers to bring their racial and ethnic differences to the country. This allows our newcomers to â€Å"retain their own national characteristics while in tegrating into a new society† (â€Å"Melting Pot America†). WeRead MoreAmerica s The Great Melting Pot1952 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica the great melting pot. Some have argued that the melting pot analogy is inaccurate. Instead America is like a tossed salad. A person can see all the individual ingredients that make up the salad. People will argue of what can go into a salad and what cannot go into just as people will argue about the place of certain groups with America. Some find disgust in certain groups of people and praise other. The situation is dynamic. The way people interact with groups are constantly changing andRead MoreAmerica: Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl2318 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica: Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl Multiculturalism is also known as ethnic diversity relating to communities containing multiple cultures. The term is used in two different broad ways, descriptively and normatively. By using the descriptive term, we usually refer to the simple fact of cultural diversity. This can be applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place and sometimes at the organizational level such as schools, neighborhoods or nations. The normative term is often referred toRead MoreEssay about The Mosaic of American Culture, Its No Melting Pot590 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mosaic of American Culture, Its No Melting Pot Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions. Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people. For immigrants, America is a land ofRead More Immigration: Is America Really a Melting Pot? Essay example1822 Words   |  8 Pageswhere all races and nations come to labor and look forward.† This is an exert from the play â€Å"The Melting Pot.† Israel Zangwill was Jewish born in England, January 21, 1864 in London, England. Besides the â€Å"The Melting Pot,† Zangwill used his pen to defend women’s suffrage, Jewish emancipation, assimilation and Zionism. Zionism is the Jewish liberation movement (Wikipedia, 2012). In 1909, â€Å"The Melting Pot† was opened in Washington D.C. It was a hit. President Theodore Roosevelt gave the play high reviewsRead MoreThe United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds602 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds The United States, created by blending or melting many cultures together into one common man, known as an American. Modern communication and transportation accelerate mass migrations from one continent . . . to the United States (Schlesinger 21). Ethnic and racial diversity was bound to happen in the American society. As immigration began to explode, . . . a cult of ethnicity erupted both betweenRead MoreMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 PagesMetaphor of the Melting Pot Peggy Ruth Geren The melting pot has been used metaphorically to describe the dynamics of American social life. In addition to its descriptive uses, it has also been used to describe what should or should not take place in American social life. How did the term originate? How was it used originally? How is it used in contemporary society? What are some problems with the idea of the melting pot? How is public education connected to the idea of the melting pot? How doesRead MoreThe Myth Of The Melting Pot1352 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Lianna Manukyan ESL 101 Essay 3: â€Å"The Myth of the Melting Pot† 13 November 2015 The Myth of the Melting Pot It is popularly believed that America is the biggest and most famous melting pot in the world. American history began with waves of immigrants bringing their own traditions, and culture to a new country. America is not the only country that is known as a melting pot, other countries like Russia are also practicing the melting pot; however, America is the only place that has such a diverse

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Barbie DollRepresent What A perfect American Woman Is Free Essays

Jennifer Perez ENC 1102 Research Paper Marge Piercy ever herd this name before? Well if you have, did you know she was the founder of Leap track Press? Marge Piercy is very well known as an American poet, novelist and social activist. Many of he founded work has been graded as best-selling. Piercy has a goal to have her feminist voice be herd by society. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbie Doll:Represent What A perfect American Woman Is or any similar topic only for you Order Now She shares her opinions threw the characters she makes in her writing and poetry. Piercy wrote the poem Barbie Doll, and in this poem she states woman do not need to fit into society’s point of view of what a woman should look and act like. Piercy has a fascinating history and high valued awards, but what was Piercy’s message to her audience when Barbie Doll was published in 1973. Piercy was born on March 31, 1936 in Detroit, Michigan into a family that was greatly affected by the great depression. As a child Piercy lived in a segregated neighborhood. Piercy has a half-brother from her mother’s side who is fourteen years older than her. She was raised in the Jewish religion by her grandmother and her mother. Till this day Piercy still remains a Jew. Piercy attended a public school in Detroit and half way through grade school she became sick with the German measles and rheumatic fever. When she got ill Piercy was disabled from doing what all of the other kids were doing as a result she built an unconditional love towards the world of literature. Piercy attended the University of Michigan and was the first in her family to attend college. At seventeen, Piercy won a Hopwood award for poetry and fiction. The scholarship money that she had won because of the award enabled her to finish college. She enjoyed the college style of life but found it very difficult to find her comfort zone because of all of the political decisions government had made for woman. Her schooling finished with an M. A from Northwestern University. After her first marriage Piercy lived in Chicago. She proceeded in writing and tried her best to develop poetry and fiction she was not yet able to produce. As a woman society had a horrible out-look on her. Piercy was a twenty three divorce woman living pay check to pay check on multiple part time jobs. She became and activist for the civil rights movement. She wanted woman to be valued not minimized. Piercy’s early work was omitted because of her feminist viewpoints. In 1982 Piercy married Ira Wood. As soon as her marriage was finalized the couple moved to Cape Cod. Wood and Piercy are both a part of the same work field. Wood is an author, teacher, a former publisher, and the host of a weekly radio talk show called â€Å"The Lowdown. † The due wrote a play titled â€Å"The Last White Class† and a novel called â€Å"Storm Tide. † In 1997 they founded a small literary publishing company called Leapfrog Press. Piercy and Wood have a very intimate and loving relationship, till this day the couple is still living in Cape Cod. Piercy never considered herself to fit into the image of what a woman was supposed to be like in the 1950’s. Piercy published her first novel called â€Å"Going Down Fast† in 1969. It was very difficult for Piercy to publish her first book because many did not agree with her feminist viewpoints. Piercy is the author of seventeen novels including four of New York Times best sellers and eighteen volumes of poetry. Piercy has played major roles in progressive political battles of our time. She was in activist in the anti-Vietnam war and the woman’s movement, and most recently an active participant in the resistance to the War in Iraq. Her novels â€Å"Woman on the Edge of Time† and â€Å"He, She and It† have great political commitment and imaginative power. With the Baby Boom era in play woman were becoming wives and mothers rapidly. During the Mid fifty’s thou 35 percent of all woman were working and a quarter of them married. Piercy was divorced, unsuccessful, and had multiple part time jobs at a young age. She worked as a secretary, a switchboard operator, a clerk in a department store, an artist model, and a faculty instructor. Consequently society looked down upon her and fell into the 35 percent of working woman. Piercy’s poem â€Å"Barbie Doll appears in her collection, â€Å"To Be of Us,† published in 1973. Piercy fundamentally states how humanity classifies woman for their stereotypical demeanor. Piercy uses a Barbie Doll to represent what a perfect American woman should appear as. The Poem begins with a normal young â€Å"girlchild† who plays with dolls, miniature kitchen items and pretend make-up. The poem takes an unsuspicious turn when the young girl was criticized by an outsider. He or she claimed she had to â€Å"exercise, diet, smile and wheedle† (page 647 line 14). The poem continues and there is a visual moment of her lying in a casket without her nose and legs â€Å"So she cut off her nose and her legs and offered them up†(page 647 line 17-18). Piercy uses the young child’s image as a representation of a Barbie Doll. The young child shows description that challenges were being faced by women of all ages who do not feel as if they do not fit society standards of being a woman. Despite of how sorrowful she felt the truth is she was healthy, happy, intelligent, and beautiful. How to cite Barbie Doll:Represent What A perfect American Woman Is, Essay examples

Piagets stages of cognitive development free essay sample

Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. We will write a custom essay sample on Piagets stages of cognitive development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. He also conducted clinical interviews and observations of older children who were able to understand questions and hold conversations (McLeod 2009). Based off these observation Piaget laid the ground work for his theories on cognitive development starting with the schema. A schema is the basic building block of intelligent behavior, a form of organizing information that a person uses to interpret the things he or she sees, hears, smell, and touches (Singer Revenson, 1997). A schema can be thought of as a unit of knowledge, relating to one aspect of the world including objects, actions, and abstract (theoretical) concepts (ICELS). They are used to understand and to respond to situations and are stored and applied when needed. A child is considered to be in a state of equilibrium or in a state of cognitive balance when she or he is capable of explaining what he or she is perceiving (schema) at the time (ICELS). The processes that form the building blocks of a schema are assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation and accommodation are two of the four processes that enable the transition from one cognitive stage to another. Assimilation is the process of interpreting experiences in terms of schema whereas accommodation is the process of adjusting schema based on new information or new experiences. For example, a child may see a robin flying and thus conclude that all birds fly (assimilation), however upon learning a chicken cannot fly said child would have to adjust their existing schema of birds to accommodate chickens (accommodation). The other two of the four processes that enable the transition from one cognitive stage to another are equilibrium and disequilibrium. Equilibration is said to be the force which moves development along. Equilibrium occurs when a childs schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. However, a state of disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas (Piaget 1973, p. 36). Thus the accommodation comes into play in order to restore a state of equilibrium. Together, assimilation and accommodation are processes of adjustment to changes in the environment and are defined as adaptation, the continuous process of using the environment to learn (ICELS). And, according to Piaget, adaptation is the most important principle of human functioning. With these basic elements of cognitive learning established Piaget then began to establish his four stages of cognitive development. The first being the sensory – motor stage. This stage is considered to extend from birth to approximately age two. During this stage senses, reflexes, and motor abilities develop rapidly. During the early stages, infants are only aware of what is immediately in front of them. They focus on what they see, what they are doing, and physical interactions with their immediate environment. Toward the end of the sensory-motor stage, the ability to form primitive mental images develops as the infant acquires object permanence (ICELS). Object permanence is the understanding that objects have a continued existence when they disappear from view. Until then, an infant doesn’t realize that objects can exist apart from him or herself. Thus in this stage behavior is organized around its sensory or motor effects culminates in attaining the concept of object permanence. The next stage is the preoperational stage. This stage extend from ages 2 to 7 and during this stage the child is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of language, the child is able to represent the world through mental images and symbols, but in this stage, these symbols depend on his own perception and his intuition (Piaget 1973, p. 36). Preoperational children are completely egocentric. Although they begin to take greater interest in objects and people around them, they see these things from only their point of view. This also has been said to be the stage of curiosity. Preoperational children are always questioning and investigating new things and since they know the world only from their very limited point of view they make up explanations for things they cannot explain (ICELS). The preoperational stage is therefore characterized by egocentric thought and the inability for children to adopted alternative viewpoints. According to Piaget this is the stage at which children’s’ thoughts differ the most from adults. The third stage is the concrete operational stage. This stage extends from ages 7 to 11 and it is during this stage that a child is able to perform mental operations. Piaget defines a mental operation as an interiorized action, an action performed in the mind which permits the child to think about physical actions that he or she previously performed (Piaget 1973, p. 36). At this time children demonstrate logical, concrete reasoning and their thinking becomes less egocentric as they are increasingly aware of external events. The primary characteristic of concrete operational thought is its reversibility; the child can mentally reverse the direction of his or her thought (Piaget 1973, p. 36). For example a child knows something they can add they can also subtract. Conservation is also a major acquisition of the concrete operational stage. Piaget defines conservation as the ability to see that objects or quantities remain the same despite a change in their physical appearance. Children are thus able to learn to conserve such quantities as number, mass, area, weight, and volume (Piaget 1973, p. 36). The characteristics of the concrete stage are thus conservation, mental operations, and the ability for children to adopt alternative viewpoints. The final stage is the formal operational stage, it extends from ages 11 to 16. Unlike the concrete operational stage the formal stage does not deal with thinking in the present but rather deals with the ability to think about the future, abstract thought, and the hypothetical. Piaget’s final stage coincides with the beginning of adolescence, and marks the start of abstract thought and deductive reasoning. Thought is more flexible, rational, and systematic. The individual can now conceive all the possible ways they can solve a problem, and can approach a problem from several points of view (Piaget 1973, p. 360). Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual development, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development, and that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the accumulation of knowledge (ICELS). Thus this staged is marked by the child’s ability to harmoniously reason abstractly and logically as well as not be limited to concrete thinking. The influence of Piaget’s ideas in developmental psychology has been enormous. He changed how people viewed the child’s world and their methods of studying children. Piagets ideas have generated a huge amount of research which has increased our understanding of cognitive development. His ideas have even been of practical use in understanding and communicating with children, particularly in the field of education. Piaget did not directly relate his theory to education, however many researchers have explained how features of Piagets theory can be applied to teaching and learning. One example of Piaget’s cognitive development theory influencing education can be seen in the concept of discovery learning; the idea that children learn best through doing and actively exploring. This concept sparked a huge reform in many primary schools’ curriculums. These reforms held recurring themes of individual learning, flexibility in the curriculum, the centrality of play in childrens learning, the use of the environment, learning by discovery and the importance of the evaluation of childrens progress (McLeod 2009). In addition since Piagets theory is based upon biological maturation, children should not be taught certain concepts until they have reached the appropriate stage cognitive development. Overall five overreaching concepts have been newly been applied to primary education based off Piaget’s theories: Focus on the process of learning rather than the end product of it, using active methods that require rediscovering or reconstructing truths, using collaborative as well as individual activities (so children can learn from each other), devising situations that present useful problems and create disequilibrium in the child, and evaluate the level of the childs development so suitable tasks can be set (McLeod 2009). Although Piaget’s findings did make many groundbreaking and seemingly beneficial contributions to education there are some skeptics as to whether or not his theories are on cognitive development are on point. For example Vygotsky and Bruner would rather not talk about stages at all, preferring to see development as continuous. Vygotsky, a Soviet Belarusian psychologist and founder of a theory of human cultural and biosocial development or cultural-historical psychology. Vygotskys theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of making meaning. Unlike Piaget he believed social learning precedes development (McLeod 2007). Bruner, a psychologist who has made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology, would similarly argue against Piaget’s theory of â€Å"readiness. † Burner places importance on outcomes of learning, include not just the concepts, categories, and problem-solving procedures invented previously by the culture, but also the ability to invent these things for oneself (McLeod 2008). Therefore he argued that schools waste time trying to match the complexity of subject material to a childs cognitive stage of development. In addition the concept of schema is incompatible with the theories of Bruner and Vygotsky. Behaviorism would also refute Piaget’s schema theory because is cannot be directly observed as it is an internal process (McLeod 1009). Therefore, they would claim it cannot be objectively measured. Finally as several studies have shown Piaget underestimated the abilities of children because his tests were sometimes confusing or difficult to understand (McLeod 2009). Also since the children he used for his studies were mainly his own his sample is biased, and consequently the results of these studies cannot be generalized to children from different cultures. Piaget’s theories on cognitive development have been groundbreaking and extremely beneficial to the world of developmental psychology. However there are some notable discrepancies with his studies such and limited and biased sampling. There are also distinguished rebuttals and argumentations for opposing theories. However Piaget’s work remains the stepping stone for studies of cognitive development and remain an extremely crucial part of developmental psychology as a whole.